All Gaus, No Brakes | FanGraphs Baseball

Right here’s an plain fact: Your efficiency issues most within the greatest spots. It sounds foolish to put in writing that, the truth is. It’s so clearly true. I’m not simply speaking about skilled sports activities, and even simply sports activities. Nobody cares in case you nailed your violin solo in your basement while you have been training it Tuesday night; they care whether or not you fumbled the chord development in Thursday’s large recital.

That self-evident fact has led to a long time of squabbling over baseball performances. It’s incontrovertibly true – and but plainly gamers don’t have numerous management over after they have their finest performances. If you wish to begin an annoying dialogue together with your uncle (not my uncle, hello Roy, however your generic back-in-my-day uncle), simply discuss RBIs or pitcher wins and say one thing about clutch. You gained’t thank me, as a result of simply imagining that dialogue is giving me nervousness, however you’ll actually show my level.

What if we may discover a place the place gamers can management their finest efficiency, although? There’s one place in baseball that follows an orderly development of leverage: the rely. The primary pitch of an at-bat simply issues much less, on common, than one thrown with two strikes. That’s true no matter who’s at bat, no matter who’s pitching, and whatever the sport scenario.

What’s extra, there’s a straightforward approach that pitchers can change their efficiency, and it’s largely of their management. They don’t throw each single pitch the very same; that will be flatly not possible. Among the variation in pitch form is inevitable, attributable to minute variations and grip or infinitesimally totally different launch factors. However velocity? Pitchers can principally management that.

Throwing more durable in two-strike counts is an apparent resolution to the two-strike scenario. Batters usually tend to swing, so getting the ball by them is extra vital. And since they’re extra prone to swing, even when extra velocity comes on the expense of command, a pitch that misses the zone by a bit has a greater likelihood of understanding for the pitcher anyway. All of it stacks collectively to favor muscling up for two-strike counts specifically, and pitchers have responded accordingly. Out of 170 pitchers who threw both a sinker or four-seamer a minimum of 150 occasions in two-strike counts final season, 169 elevated their velocity relative to how briskly they threw the pitch in all different counts. The lone holdout was Marcus Stroman, whose velo declined by a measly 0.1 mph.

The king of this method? Kevin Gausman, who added a whopping 1.7 mph when the rely struck two strikes. He averaged 95.9 mph in these conditions and 94.2 in all others. It paid off handsomely for him. Gausman’s fastball was completely deadly in two-strike counts. His swinging strike charge elevated from 8.7% to 13.8%, and all informed he turned the pitch right into a strikeout 24.6% of the time, the third-best mark in baseball for a four-seamer. Even when hitters put the ball in play, he restricted them to below-average marks for wOBA, xwOBA, barrel charge, no matter statistic you’d want.

All informed, per Baseball Savant, Gausman’s two-strike fastballs generated 16.1 runs value of worth relative to a mean pitcher. That was one of the best mark in baseball, each total and on a per-pitch foundation. Questioning why Gausman put opposing hitters away in two-strike counts on the sixth-best charge within the majors and allowed the bottom wOBA and xwOBA in these conditions total? It’s as a result of he dialed up his fastball and dominated. It wasn’t a matter of location, both, as a result of essentially the most frequent place he put the ball was proper down the pipe:

It looks like there’s a lesson to be realized right here: Throw more durable while you get forward and prosper. That jogged my memory of a superb Stephen Brown article from this offseason that appeared into whether or not pitchers who lose a little bit of velocity on a particular pitch do worse. The conclusion of that article was that almost all of that impact was tied up within the rely; pitchers merely pitched in a different way, velocity-wise, relying on rely.

So ought to everybody simply be like Gausman and dial up a monstrous heater each time they’ve an opportunity for a strikeout? They form of already do; on common, pitchers enhance fastball velocity in two-strike counts by roughly 0.7 mph. And but, oddly, none of it appears to matter, a minimum of to one of the best of our skill to measure outcomes.

A fast refresher on run worth is so as right here, however in case you already know the gist of it, you’ll be able to skip this part. We and Baseball Savant each calculate run worth with a delta technique. We have a look at the anticipated results of a plate look earlier than a pitch after which once more after that very same pitch. The distinction is the run worth of that specific pitch.

A simple mind-set about it: After reaching a 1-2 rely, hitters produced a .227 wOBA in 2023. After reaching a 2-2 rely, they improved to a .275 wOBA. Throwing a ball in a 1-2 rely, then, prices pitchers an anticipated 48 factors of wOBA, or 0.04 runs. Alternatively, getting a strikeout reduces the batter’s wOBA to a flat zero, in fact, an enchancment of 227 factors of wOBA or 0.19 runs. Balls in play match into this mannequin fairly nicely, as a result of we all know the wOBA values of every ball-in-play end result. Through the use of this technique, you’ll be able to assign a worth to each single pitch thrown within the majors. There are minor variations between our two strategies – Savant accounts for base/out state in theirs, whereas we maintain ours impartial – however the idea may be very comparable.

Right here’s the bizarre a part of all of this: Regardless of being thrown more durable, two-strike fastballs aren’t producing higher outcomes relative to expectation. Main league pitchers threw 67,793 two-strike four-seamers in 2023 and misplaced 78.4 runs relative to expectation, a charge of -0.115 runs per 100 pitches. They threw 163,134 four-seamers in each different rely, and misplaced 159.9 runs relative to expectation, a charge of -0.098 runs per 100 pitches. These numbers are mainly the identical.

You may suppose that’s definitive, however there’s a confounding variable right here that’s maddeningly robust to disentangle. How will we determine common hitter efficiency after two-strike counts? By including up what occurred on all of the pitches they confronted. But when these pitches are simply higher by way of uncooked stuff, common outcomes will find yourself worse, naturally sufficient. And so evaluating the inhabitants throughout counts doesn’t actually work.

If that sounds unintuitive, contemplate an excessive instance that can hopefully clear issues up a bit of bit. Let’s say that each pitcher, for causes unknown, has entry to a secret final pitch that will get hitters out 100% of the time, however that they’ll solely throw it on one rely, and even then solely 50% of the time. Let’s say these pitchers all select 2-2 counts. Now 2-2 counts are going to be extraordinarily dangerous for hitters. For those who threw a superbly common fastball in an 0-0 rely, it might present up as completely common. For those who threw it in a 2-2 rely, the place half of the pitches are secret final pitches, your fastball will do far worse than the typical 2-2 pitch. It’s all a matter of comparisons.

OK, so we will’t examine these two-strike fastballs to different counts in relation to pitch values. The truth is, I don’t suppose we will examine them primarily based on seemingly absolute end result measurements like swinging strike charge or whiff share. That’s as a result of hitters additionally change their habits in two-strike counts. In need of utilizing a stuff mannequin, we’re simply going to have to match inside two-strike counts to see what works and what doesn’t, as a result of every little thing else goes to be extraordinarily confused by choice bias.

With that mentioned, right here’s what I’d anticipate: The pitchers who, like Gausman, blaze their hardest fastballs in two-strike counts ought to do finest. He added essentially the most velocity and acquired one of the best outcomes in two-strike counts. The pitcher who added the least velocity on four-seamers (I excluded sinkers for this a part of the evaluation for a extra simple comparability) was Jordan Lyles, and he was downright terrible in 2023. He was notably terrible in two-strike counts, the truth is; solely Lance Lynn was worse. The narrative writes itself.

There’s only one downside: The info doesn’t match these two outliers. Positive, Gausman and Lyles are polar opposites with fully totally different outcomes. The remainder of the pitchers don’t actually comply with that sample, although. The connection between velocity enhance for two-strike fastballs and run worth for these fastballs is nonexistent:

And even in case you’re taking a look at relative worth, how a lot better these fastballs carry out in two-strike counts relative to how they carry out total, there’s nothing to see:

OK, superb, possibly we’re not choosing one thing up by trying on the broad inhabitants of pitchers. However absolutely one thing that Gausman is particularly doing will stick out. He has this secret sauce for throwing more durable and getting higher outcomes with two strikes, clearly. Or, nicely, possibly not so clearly. In 2022, 98 pitchers threw a minimum of 200 two-strike four-seamers. Gausman’s outcomes have been the Ninety fifth-best. He was as dangerous in 2022, one other dominant season, as he was good in 2023. The truth is, he’s thrown more durable with two strikes his whole profession, however the outcomes are far and wide:

What does this all imply? I’m actually puzzled. I assumed that Alex Chamberlain’s piece on command may maintain the reply – Gausman was notably good at finding the ball on the fringes of the plate in pitches that ended plate appearances in 2023. I shot off the bed this morning after I acquired to that a part of his article and ran to my pc to complete this piece. However alas, even when I break his two-strike fastball outcomes out by zone, 2022 and 2023 look radically totally different:

Even when he situated in one of the best location you’ll be able to think about – the shadow-in zone, the place known as and swinging strikes are each frequent outcomes – he acquired below-average leads to 2022. Then he acquired best-in-league leads to 2023 with primarily the identical pitches. He wasn’t benefiting from throwing his fastball much less typically in two-strike counts and ambushing hitters – its utilization climbed from 37.3% to 44.6%.

On the finish of the day, I believe the takeaway right here is that pitchers ought to do no matter helps them execute finest. There seems to be little inherent worth in including a bit of additional velocity with two strikes, however I can’t even say that with confidence. It’s positively the case that greater velocity gaps aren’t related to higher outcomes, although. I used Gausman and Lyles as my examples in explaining this impact, however I may simply as simply have used Kirby Yates (0.2 mph velocity enhance, 6.4 RV/100 enchancment in fastball outcomes) and Shane McClanahan (1.4 mph velocity enhance, 2.4 RV/100 decline in fastball outcomes) and tried to persuade you of the alternative.

The easiest way to pitch stays frustratingly exhausting to pin down. Positive, it’s true that each one else equal, sooner pitches are higher. But it surely’s fairly clear that not all else is equal on this scenario. You may succeed like Gausman or like Yates. You may fail like Lyles or (comparatively talking) like McClanahan. There’s little doubt in my thoughts that pitchers ought to throw their finest pitches in two-strike counts. Nevertheless, measuring who does that, and the way a lot it helps them, stays impossibly tough.