This Day in Observe & Area, September 4, Marty Liquori units 5000m AR (1977), by Walt Murphy

Walt Murphy’s Information and Outcomes Service  ([email protected])

 

This Day in Observe & Area–September 4

 

1942–Gunder Hägg regained sole possession of the World File within the Mile by operating 4:04.6 in Stockholm. He had shared the earlier mark of 4:06.2 with fellow Swede Arne Andersson.

WR Developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mile_run_world_record_progression

Tribute to Hagghttps://www.worldathletics.org/information/information/a-tribute-to-the-career-of-gunder-hagg

http://www.racingpast.ca/john_contents.php?id=235

Gunder Hagg, photograph by World Athletics

 

1949—Hungary’s Imre Németh, the 1948 Olympic gold medalist, improved his World File within the Hammer to              195-5 (59.57) in Katowice, Poland. His earlier mark of 193-8 (59.02) was set the 12 months earlier than and he would set  his 3rd WR of 196-5 (59.88) in 1950.

His son Miklós was the 1976 Olympic gold medalist and former World File holder within the Javelin

September 4th turned out to be a very good date for setting data on this occasion (see under).

WR Developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Males’s_hammer_throw_world_record_progression

 

1965—Hungary’s Gyula Zsivótzky threw 241-11 (73.74) in Debrecen, Hungary, to set a World File within the Hammer. His throw ended Hal Connolly’s 9-year reign because the file holder within the occasion. Connolly set the primary of his six data in 1956 (224-10 [68.54]), and his final (233-9 [71.26]) lower than three months earlier than Zsivótzky’s huge throw.

Zsivótzky received Olympic silver in 1960 and 1964 earlier than successful gold in Mexico Metropolis in 1968. He would set his 2nd World File of 242-0 (73.76) in 1968.

https://www.worldathletics.org/information/information/olympic-champion-zsivotzky-passes-away

 

1971—West Germany’s Walter Schmidt threw the Hammer  250-8 (76.40) in Lahr, Germany, to interrupt the World File of 247-8(75.48), which was set by the Soviet Union’s Anatoliy Bondarchuk in 1969.

WR Developmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menpercent27s_hammer_throw_world_record_progression

 

1972–Valeriy Borzov, winner of the 100, accomplished the dash double on the Munich Olympics by taking the gold medal within the 200-meters (20.00). Larry Black, who drew lane one within the blind choice course of, completed 2nd in 20.19, and Italy’s Pietro Mennea was 3rd in 20.30. Mennea would win the gold medal 8 years later in Moscow. 4th in his first 12 months within the sport was American Larry Burton (20.37), who went on to play within the NFL for 5 years as a large receiver. Jamaica’s Don Quarrie, the co-World File holder and one of many pre-Video games favorites, suffered a hamstring damage in his semi-final race.

16-year previous Ulrike Meyfarth was tied for the lead within the Ladies’s Excessive Soar with Bulgaria’s Yordanka Blagoeva with no misses by means of 6-2 (1.88), with solely Austria’s Ilona Gusenbauer nonetheless alive within the competitors. The younger West German cleared 6-2  ¾ (1.90) on her 2nd try and the gold medal was hers when the opposite two failed at that peak(Blagoeva successful silver). The house crowd was already ecstatic along with her win when she then cleared 6-3  ½ (1.92) on her first try and equal Gusenbauer’s World File! She would win a 2nd gold medal 12 years later in Los Angeles. 23 girls competed within the remaining!

Kenya received a 1-2 end within the Steeplechase from Kip Keino (8:23.64-OR) and Ben Jipcho (8:24.62), who handed Finland’s Tapio Kantanen (8:24.66) to seize the silver medal. Keino, the 1968 Olympic champion on the distance, would win the silver medal within the 1500-meters later within the Video games.

Keino would return to Munich 50 years later to reminisce about his steeple win.

https://olympics.com/en/original-series/episode/memory-lane-72-a-gathering-of-champions

The Soviet Union’s Viktor Saneyev (a local of Georgia) received the twond of his 3 consecutive Olympic titles within the Triple Soar. He received his successful leap of 56-11  ¼w (17.35) within the opening spherical, and was nearly overtaken by East Germany’s Jörg Drehmel, who jumped 56-9  ½ (17.31) on his 5th effort. Brazil’s Nelson Prudêncio, the silver medalist in 1968, received bronze this time with a leap of 55-11  ¼ (17.05).

Outcomeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics

Movies:  M200  MSC  WHJ  Meyfarth Appears to be like Again   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrike_Meyfarth

 

1977—American Data have been set by Marty Liquori (5000-13:15.06/2nd to Ethiopia’s Miruts Yifter-13:13.82) and Jan Merrill (3000-8:46.60/3rd, winner was Norway’s Grete Waitz-8:43.50) on the ultimate day of competitors on the first World Cup in Düsseldorf, Germany (See September 2 for extra particulars).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_IAAF_World_Cup

AR Progressions

5000http://trackfield.brinkster.web/RecProg_AllUSA.asp?RecCode=WR&EventCode=MA7&Gender=M&P=F

3000http://trackfield.brinkster.web/RecProg_AllUSA.asp?RecCode=WR&EventCode=WA6&Gender=W&P=F

 

1983–Nice Britain’s Steve Ovett reclaimed the World File within the 1500-meters by operating 3:30.77 in Rieti, Italy. Sydney Maree had set the earlier mark of three:31.4 only one week earlier. David Mack was the succesful pacesetter in each file races.

WR Development: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1500_metres_world_record_progression

Videohttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cL_WektvHo4

 

1983—Making his transfer with a ¼-mile to go, Steve Scott (3:49.77) held off Ross Donoghue (3:50.10) to win the lads’s race on the 3rd version of the 5th Avenue Mile. 3rd was Sydney Maree (3:50.72), the winner of the inaugural race in 1981. Defending champion Tom Byers completed 6th.

Maree, who had set a World File for 1500-meters in Europe every week earlier, didn’t arrive in New York till 12 hours earlier than the race after flying in from Rome, however didn’t use that as an excuse, saying he received loads of relaxation on his flight.

Winner of the ladies’s race was Nice Britain’s Wendy Sly (4:22.66), who would go on to win the silver medal within the 3000-meters the next 12 months on the L.A. Olympics. 2nd and third have been Canada’s Brit McRoberts (4:23.86) and one other Brit, Christine Boxer (4:24.49). Ending 7th in 4:37.40 was one other future Olympic medalist—Joan Benoit, who would win gold within the inaugural girls’s marathon in L.A.

An estimated 50,000 spectators lined either side of one of the well-known streets on the earth!

From the NY Instanceshttps://www.nytimes.com/1983/09/04/sports activities/fifth-avenue-mile-to-scott-in-3-49.77.html

 

1985Excessive jumper Igor Paklin of the Soviet Union set a World File of 7-10  ¾ (2.41m) on the World College Video games in Kobe, Japan.

WR Development: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Males’s_high_jump_world_record_progression

Videohttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7pEkcIlHYpM

 

1985— Sydney Maree, ending 2nd behind Morocco’s Mentioned Aouita (4:54.02) within the 2000-meters in Rieti, Italy, set an American File of 4:54.20. Steve Scott set the earlier mark of 4:54.71 in 1982.

 

1987—Three days after capturing the Heptathlon title on the World Championships in Rome, Jackie Joyner-Kersee received the Ladies’s Lengthy Soar with an enormous leap of 24-1  ¾ (7.36).

The Soviet Union’s  Yelena Belevskaya (23-5  ¼ [7.14]) edged East Germany’s Heike Drechsler (23-4  ¾ [7.13]), the defending champion (and co-World File holder with JJK/24-5  ½ [7.45]), to win the silver medal. An damage to her left knee saved Drechsler from taking her remaining 2 jumps.

JJK nearly got here away with simply the bronze medal, since a purple flag went up on her successful leap, however the official’s resolution was reversed upon a more in-depth have a look at the plasticine. She would win a 2nd title within the Lengthy Soar in 1991, whereas Drechsler would win her 2nd in 1993 (received her 1st on the inaugural WC in 1983).

East Germany’s Jürgen Schult, the World File holder, received the Males’s Discus with a throw of 225-6 (68.74), the longest ever at a significant championship (on the time). Profitable the silver medal was 40-year previous American John Powell     (217-3 [66.22]), and the bronze went to Cuba’s Luis Delís (216-7 [66.02).

Another World Record holder, Norway’s Ingrid Kristiansen, won the Women’s 10,000 comfortably in 31:05.85. Winning the silver and bronze were the Soviet Union’s Olena Vyasova (31:09.40) and East Germany’s Kathrin Wessel (31:11.34). This was the debut for the event at the World Championships—an Invitation event had been held in 1980.

Bulgaria’s Ginka Zagorcheva (12.34/CR), yet another WR holder, won the Women’s 100-Meter Hurdles, while teammate Yordanka Donkova, the former record holder, finished 4th (12.49). 2nd and 3rd were East Germans Gloria Siebert (12.44) and Cornelia Oschkenat (12.46).

East Germany’s Torsten Voss won the Decathlon with a score of 8,680 points, followed by West Germany’s Siegfried Wentz (8461) and the Soviet Union’s Pavel Tamovetskiy (8375. Great Britain’s Daley Thompson, dealing with pre-meet injuries, finished 9th (8124). Thompson, the World Record holder, had been the dominant figure in the event, winning the first World title in 1983 and Olympic gold in 1980 and 1984.

Medalists/Resultshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_World_Championships_in_Athletics

IAAF Coverage

Athletics Weeklyhttps://www.athleticsweekly.com/london-2017/iaaf-world-championships-history-rome-1987-62714/

Videos

W10khttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9_fnpE3-H-M&pp=QAA%3D

NBC’s Coverage-Day 6https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q1sXrjQKeSw

 

2004— Kenya’s Pamela Jelimo became an instant millionaire by winning the 800-meters (1:55.16) at the Van Damme Memorial in Brussels and clinching the overall Golden League title.

Jelimo, the 2008 Olympic Champion in the 800, had to delay her celebration until the completion of the Women’s High Jump. Croatia’s Blanka Vlašić was still in contention to share the $1,000,000 jackpot, but lost to Germany’s Arianne Friedrich on misses (both clearing 6-6  ¾ [2.00]), leaving Jelimo as the only winner!

https://www.worldathletics.org/information/information/jelimo-becomes-a-millionaire-in-brussels-bolt

 

2011–Former Florida teammates Christian Taylor and Will Claye, who completed 1-2 within the Triple Soar on the NCAA Championships in June, nearly duplicated that final result on the ultimate day of competitors on the World  Championships in Daegu, South Korea. Taylor received the gold medal with a private finest leap of 58-11  ¼ (17.96), whereas Claye additionally PB’d, leaping 57-5 (17.50) to win the bronze medal. Nice Britain’s Phillips Idowu, the defending champion, cut up the 2 with a leap of 58-3  ¾ (17.77).

When he left  the pit after his huge leap, Taylor did the “Gator Chomp” for the world-feed digital camera, a gesture well-known to American faculty soccer followers, however completely bewildering to everybody else!

Nice Britain’s Mo Farah (13:23.36), who had earlier completed 2nd within the 10,000, held off Bernard Lagat (13:23.64) to win the Males’s 5000. Galen Rupp, a detailed 4th with a lap to go,  completed 9th (13:28.64). Lagat may nonetheless have completed 2nd to Farah, however he needed to work his approach round Ethiopians Dejen Gebremeskel and Imane Merga as he got here off the ultimate flip. Farah would go on to win the following 9 world distance titles on the monitor (5000&10,000-2012, 2013,  2015, 2016/10,000-2017).

South Africa’s Caster Semenya (1:56.35) received the twond of her 3 World titles within the Ladies’s 800-Meters. Profitable silver and bronze have been Kenya’s Janeth Jepkosgei Busienei (1:57.42) and American Alysia Montaño (1:57.48).

This was one other occasion the place the order of end was reshuffled as the results of subsequent disqualifications. The three Russian finalists, together with “winner” Mariya Savinova (1:55.87) have been all discovered responsible of doping violations.

Russia’s Tatyana Lysenko (253-0 [77.13]) received the Ladies’s Hammer Throw over Germany’s Betty Heidler

(249-6 [76.06]) and China’s Zhang Wenxiu (246-1 [75.02]). Lysenko, who had already served a 2-year ban from 2007-2009 for a doping offense,  would go on to win gold on the 2012 Olympics and the 2013 Worlds, however was stripped of each titles after being discovered responsible of one other doping violation.

Medalists within the Males’s Marathon have been Kenya’s Abel Kirui (2:07:38) and Vincent Kipruto (2:10:06), and Ethiopia’s Feyisa Lilesa (2:10:32).

When the schedule for Daegu was first revealed, displaying the meet ending with the 4x100s, there was fairly a destructive response from followers who have been accustomed to having “their” Olympics and World  Championships finish with the 4x400s.

However whichever IAAF official first prompt that radical departure from custom deserves a gold medal. Impressed, in fact, by the success of Usain Bolt on the 2008 Olympics and 2009 Worlds, the hope was that he would assist present an thrilling climax to the Championships.

Up first was the Ladies’s race, with a U.S. lineup of Bianca Knight, Allyson Felix, Marshevet Hooker, and Carmelita Jeter beating a Jamaica foursome of Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce, Kerron Stewart, Sherone Simpson, and Veronica Campbell-Brown(41.56-41.70). Ending 3rd was Ukraine (42.51).

Jamaica, with a lineup of Nesta Carter,  Michael Frater, Yohan Blake,  and Bolt made that IAAF official seem like a genius, successful the lads’s race in 37.04 to interrupt their 3-year previous World File of 37.10, which was set on the Beijing Olympics. (A minimum of that’s the way in which it occurred on the time. Jamaica was finally stripped of their 2008 title and the File after a later retest of Nesta Carter’s urine pattern examined optimistic for a banned substance. The File development now exhibits the 37.04 breaking Jamaica’s 37.31 mark from the 2009 World Championships).

Passing issues had saved the U.S. males out of the ultimate of this occasion on the 2008 Olympics and the 2009 Worlds, however had made it out of the qualifying spherical this time. However their heartbreak continued as third runner Darvis “Doc” Patton collided with Nice Britain’s anchor, Harry Aikines-Aryeetey, simply earlier than he was about to hand-off to Walter Dix. With a clear remaining cross, the People nonetheless wouldn’t have crushed Jamaica, however they most certainly would have completed 2nd and most definitely would have damaged the Nationwide File of 37.40. Silver and bronze went to France(38.20) and St.Kitts&Nevis(38.49), with 35-year previous Kim Collins operating the twond leg.

The veteran Patton, who suffered a separated shoulder as he tumbled to the monitor, was additionally concerned within the passing mishaps in 2008 and 2009!

Medalists/Outcomeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_World_Championships_in_Athletics

IAAF Protection   Extra Experiences/Quotes

MoviesTriple Soar  Taylor  M5000  Ladies’s 4×100  Males’s 4×100  W800

Toni Reavis and Josh Cox Recap the Males’s Marathonhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R5JSybjsGM0

Facet Report: Now that the Championships have been over, it was time to unwind with a few fellow NBC employees. We discovered an area karaoke bar the place we sang and laughed (and imbibed a number of cocktails) to our hearts’ content material in a personal room till 4:00am! Appeared like a terrific thought on the time, however the different two needed to instantly get again to our lodge the place a automobile was ready to take them on a 4-hour experience again to the airport in Seoul! (I had a later experience scheduled). The one downside was that one among them fell asleep of their room once they went to get their baggage! No quantity of banging on their door may waken them, so a reluctant safety guard needed to be persuaded to open the door so the exhausted celebrant could possibly be satisfied it was time to go! Fortunately, they didn’t miss their flight residence!

 

2018—42-year previous Kim Collins ran the final two races of his wonderful profession in Cheb, the Czech Republic, successful the

60 and ending 2nd within the 150. He initially introduced that he would lastly retire on the finish of the 2017

season, however wound up competing all year long in 2018. “I felt the necessity to nonetheless do another outside

season and be capable to say farewell to my followers and all the chums that I made through the years all around the world.”

          Among the highlights of his profession

2003 World Champion—100m (out of lane 1);

2001 NCAA Indoor Champion-60m(TCU)

2-time silver medalist within the 60 on the World Indoor Championships (2003, 2008)

4-time bronze medalist on the World Outside Championships

(’01-200, ’05-100, ’11-100,4×100)

Competed in 5 Olympics and eight World Outside Championships.

The grand previous man of sprinting ran a private better of 9.93 in 2016 on the age of 40 (Oldest ever to interrupt 10-

seconds)

 

2020—World Data have been set within the Males’s and Ladies’s 1-Hour Run on the Van Damme Memorial in Brussels.

Nice Britain’s Mo Farah lined 21,330-Meters (13 miles, 446y) within the Males’s race to narrowly break the earlier File of  21,285m (13 miles, 397y) that was set by Ethiopia’s Haile Gebrselassie in 2007. Belgium’s Bashir Abdi was solely 8-meters behind Farah, however received credit score for his personal WR of 56:20.2 for 20,000-Meters.

The Netherlands’ Sifan Hassan, battling Kenya’s Brigid Kosgei, the WR holder within the Marathon, the entire approach, lined 18,930-Meters (11-miles, 1341y), greater than 400-meters previous the previous mark of 18,517m (11-miles, 888y), set by Ethiopia’s Dire Tune in 2008. Kosgei was disqualified for stepping contained in the curb late within the race.

Kenya’s Religion Kipyegon fell wanting breaking the World File of two:28.98 for 1000-Meters, successful in 2:29.92.

https://www.worldathletics.org/information/report/brussels-diamond-league-farah-hassan-one-hour

https://trackandfieldnews.com/brussels-dl-in-the-long-run-3-world-records/

 

2024(New) In a a lot heralded matchup between World File holders, Sweden’s vault legend Mondo Duplantis defeated

Norway’s 400h specialist Karsten Warholm over 100-meters in Zurich (10.37-10.47).

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r-gA_OXxQ5s

(Full Broadcast)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ojSzlLN7wAw

 

Born On This Day*

 

Mark Lewis-Francis—Nice Britain 43 (1982) 2004 Olympic gold medalist-4×100

(Jason Gardener, Darren Campbell, Marlon Devonish, Mark Lewis-Francis)

Bronze medalist within the 4×100 on the 2005 and 2007 World Championships

2006 European Champion-4×100

Bronze medalist within the 60-meters on the 2001 World Indoor Championships…2003 (4th)

1999 World Youth Champion-100

2000 World Junior/Underneath-20 Champion—100, 4×100

PB: 6.51 (2001), 10.04 (2002), 20.89 (2010)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lewis-Francis

https://pacesportsmanagement.com/former-champion/mark-lewis-francis/

https://worldathletics.org/athletes/great-britain-ni/mark-lewis-francis-14189912

Lidia Șimon—Romania  52 (1973)  2001 World Champion—Marathon;

5-time World Championships bronze medalist:

1997-Half Marathon, Marathon

1998-Half Marathon

1999-Marathon

2000-Half Marathon

5-time Olympian—Marathon (1996-6th2000- silver, 2004-DNF, 2008-8th, 2012-Forty fourth)

Accomplished 38 marathons throughout her profession

PBs: 31:32.64 (1998), 1:08:34 (2000), 2:22:54 (2000)

Wiki Bio:

Softball Pitching Mat Softball Pitching Rubber Softball Pitching Mound for Indoor Outdoor Pitching Practice by Softball and Baseball Pitchers with Pitching Pad Antifade Antislip...

Softball Pitching Mat  Material Polyethylene (PE) Color Green Brand ZivPlay Item Weight 17.8 Pounds Product Dimensions 120"L x 36"W x 0.55"Th About this item REGULATION SIZE. REALISTIC APPEARANCE - 10 feet long x 3 feet...

Fit Simplify Resistance Loop Exercise Bands with Instruction Guide and Carry Bag, Set of 5

Fit Simplify Resistance Loop Exercise Bands Brand Fit Simplify Material Natural Rubber Color Assorted Item Weight 0.1 Kilograms Sport Strength Training/Exercise And Fitness/Stretching About this item High End Exercise Bands. Our 12"³ By 2"³ Heavy...

IRON °FLASK Sports Water Bottle – 40 Oz 3 Lids (Straw Lid), Leak Proof – Stainless Steel Gym Bottles for Men, Women & Kids...

IRON °FLASK Sports Water Bottle Brand IRON °FLASK Capacity 2.5 Pounds Color Midnight Black Recommended Uses For Product Water Special Feature Leakproof, Cold 24hrs, Rust resistant, Double wall, Hot 12hrs, Non toxic About this item ...

9 Hole Pitching Net Pitching Target Pitchers Net Baseball Trainer with Actual Strike Zone and Pitch Training Ball to Practice Baseball and Softball

9 Hole Pitching Net Pitching Target Pitchers Net Baseball Trainer Material Polyester Color White Sport Target Archery Brand TUBAGOU Shape Round About this item ✅UNIQUE FRAME DESIGN: Easy installation design for Velcro featuring, Diameter 10mm...

HotHands Hand Warmers – Long Lasting Safe Natural Odorless Air Activated Warmers – Up to 10 Hours of Heat – 40 Pair

HotHands Hand Warmers About this item SAFE, NATURAL LONG-LASTING HEAT - Odorless, Disposable, Single-Use Item, Do Not Apply Directly to The Skin. TSA Approved. Made...

Easton | JEN SCHRO The Very Best 2.0 Fastpitch Softball Catcher’s Equipment | Box Set | NOCSAE Certified | Multiple Sizes/Colors

Easton | JEN SCHRO The Very Best 2.0 Color Black Brand Easton Material Blend Sport Softball Item Dimensions LxWxH 1 x 1 x 1 inches About this item THE VERY BEST BOX SET FROM EASTON...

Franklin Sports Tennis Balls – Official Size Low Pressure – Great for Training + Practice – 3 Pack Can of Low Bounce All Court...

Franklin Sports Tennis Balls - Official Size Low Pressure Brand Franklin Sports Material Polyester Color Yellow Age Range (Description) Adult Item Weight 0.01 Ounces About this item LOW PRESSURE: These low pressure training tennis balls...

Spinform Softball Pitching and Throwing Spin Trainer, 12″ Leather Ball with Raised Stitched Seams, Ideal for All Distances and Speeds

Spinform Softball Pitching and Throwing Spin Trainer Brand Spinform Material Leather Color Yellow Item Weight 0.41 Pounds Sport Softball About this item The Spinform is the Patented, Original, and Improved Training Tool with the Look...

Fels Naptha Laundry Soap Bar – 5.0 oz – 2 pk

Fels Naptha Laundry Soap Bar - 5.0 oz - 2 pk Brand Fels Naptha Item Form Bar Scent Unscented Unit Count 10 Ounce Material Type Free Bleach Free About this item Powerful stain remover: Fels...

Franklin Sports Fastpitch Softball Glove – Field Master Fastpitch + Softball Mitt – Womens + Girls Righty Glove – Adult + Youth Softball Gloves...

Franklin Sports Fastpitch Softball Glove Size 12" Brand Franklin Sports Material Polypropylene Hand Orientation Right Hand Throw Glove Type Outfield Color White/Grey Age Range (Description) Adult, Youth Lining Description Leather Year 2023 About this item FASTPITCH FIT: Customized with a narrower opening designed...

TAP Connection Ball, 9in-12in, Improve Arm Action, Perfect for Pilates, Stay Connected While Hitting, Pitching, and Catching

TAP Connection Ball, 9in-12in Brand TAP Conditioning Age Range (Description) Adult Item Weight 1 Pounds Sport Pitching Item Diameter 12 Inches About this item 9in-12in Textured (Can be inflated or deflated to meet the athlete's...

KuiBonu Baseball Hitting Mat, Batting Cage Mat Inlaid Home Plate Turf, Batters Box Turf Mat Baseball Mat with 5mm Non-Slip Backing, Perfect for Indoor...

KuiBonu Baseball Hitting Mat, Batting Cage Mat Inlaid Home Plate Turf Material Polyethylene (PE) Color Clay Brand KuiBonu Size 10' X 3.8' Product Dimensions 46"L x 11"W x 11"Th About this item 100% pe turf ...