12:01 |
: If you happen to can’t do the chat time, don’t do the chat crime
|
12:02 |
: I don’t know what meaning both, like most issues out of my mouth
|
12:03 |
: what’s for lunch?
|
12:03 |
: Nothing, this isn’t an consuming Thursday
|
12:03 |
: Are you bullish on Correa exceeding his projections now that the foot (and septum) are mounted?
|
12:03 |
: Mildly so? I are typically skeptical over “OK, this fixes the harm factor for good” issues
|
12:04 |
: Ben Hochman with a column for immediately’s P-D proclaiming Jordan Walker to be the following STL 20 HR 20 SB participant and I say to Benjamin it’d take Jordan Walker 40 SB Makes an attempt to get 20 SB.
|
12:04 |
: In all probability a bit of TOO unfavorable
|
12:05 |
: Jonah Bride had nice stats in triple-a. What’s stopping him from doing this at mlb stage?
|
12:05 |
: It’s laborious to say, however keep in mind, gamers are fairly unstable. I believe he’ll be OKish
|
12:05 |
: Max Fried: a Courageous in 2025? Atlanta has been gun-shy about free brokers typically and have allowed Freeman and Swanson to stroll the previous two offseasons.
|
12:05 |
: I really assume they’ll work it out
|
12:05 |
: Burnes was cool however let’s all the time keep in mind the acquisition for the O’s below new possession was Andrew Suarez. Ceaselessly a Cardinal.
|
12:05 |
: Pickle’s Pub: Earlier than recreation, throughout recreation, after recreation, or all 3? (I as soon as stayed on the resort proper behind it with my children after going to a recreation. Professional tip: Ask for a room on the opposite facet of the resort.)
|
12:06 |
: I don’t often do locations proper close to the stadium
|
12:06 |
: I relatively go to Canton or Fells Level or go over and get some pit beef
|
12:06 |
: Is spring coaching (squeezed between the season and offseason) a sandwich?
|
12:07 |
: Provided that you may eat it and it’s not hinged
|
12:07 |
: Do you see a possible upside state of affairs within the Pirates rotation the place Gonzales and Perez present a serviceable first half of the season after which some mixture of Burrows/Brubaker coming back from harm plus Skenes/Jones name ups lead to a middle-of-the-pack full season rotation state of affairs for the Pirates?
|
12:07 |
: It’s POSSIBLE, however my cash is under common
|
12:07 |
*Orioles Twitter wakes up from its fever dream* |
12:07 |
: I believe it’s a nightmare for folks in the event that they should hearken to me for a thousand years
|
12:07 |
: Now that we’re a number of years faraway from COVID, did the shortened 2020 season affect projection programs in any manner? It looks like the overall consensus is that the misplaced season was significantly laborious on youthful gamers within the minors, who by now can be getting into their age 25, 26 and so forth. season.
|
12:08 |
: I haven’t actually spent sufficient time wanting on the long-term impact
|
12:08 |
: The Drive to 85 Wins within the NL Central actually couldn’t be extra thrilling. Oh child.
|
12:08 |
: Doesn’t KC’s signing Witt type of reveal the small-market groups can, actually, afford to compete to maintain their gamers in the event that they’re keen to take the initiative?
|
12:08 |
: Sure
|
12:08 |
: However some groups don’t wish to pay in danger OR forex
|
12:08 |
: You’ll by no means chat me copper
|
12:08 |
: Do you think about deGrom to have extra of an harm “reset” after his UCL surgical procedure? Ought to we anticipate harm prevalence to reflect different equally aged pitchers?
|
12:08 |
: At this level, I’ve zero thought what to anticipate
|
12:08 |
: Hey Dan, only for enjoyable, what do the AL ZiPS projected standings appear to be once you apply your whimsy as a substitute of logic and reasoning? Are you able to pressure the non MLB workforce to type of compete?
|
12:09 |
: I’ll determine make my cats shut up after I’m on the cellphone lengthy earlier than I could make the A’s compete
|
12:09 |
: Does Jackson Merrill play within the majors this 12 months?
|
12:10 |
: I wouldn’t be stunned to see him pop In and possibly even quite a bit
|
12:10 |
: I’m below the impression that they have been a minimum of pondering of it LAST 12 months
|
12:10 |
: And I do know they’re giving him extra time within the outfield within the hopes of him getting some taking part in time within the majors rapidly
|
12:11 |
: and admittedly, given the state of their outfield, they might NEED him rapidly
|
12:11 |
: Has there ever been a state of affairs in considered one of your ZiPS season simulations the place there was a 5-way tie for the division? NL central has potential!
|
12:11 |
: I’ll should verify. And I can’t verify yearly, however I’ll verify 2024
|
12:12 |
: What transaction this winter do you most worry you’ll be fallacious about?
|
12:13 |
: I don’t THINK I’m fallacious, however I do fear about being fallacious about Reds transactions essentially the most, since they’re the followers which have essentially the most handy entry to homicide me
|
12:13 |
: Do you publish intervals for workforce projections? Could be curious to know which groups ZiPS thinks have the most important (and smallest) vary of believable outcomes
|
12:13 |
: I’ll on the ultimate ones
|
12:13 |
: Undecided the place to ship this, however Fangraphs pages appear to be often sending me to a McAfee spam website recently. I’m not getting this concern on different web sites.
|
12:13 |
: We’ve had some studies of that, I do know David’s been wanting into it
|
12:13 |
: So about my fantasy workforce. I adopted a stinker and rebuilding. How would you counsel I exploit zips projections on prospects to kind out the fellows which are growth/bust sorts (who i’d relatively guess on) than guys which are extra more likely to be large leaguers, however with a really restricted ceiling. Thanks for serving to with my workforce as a result of my workforce is what’s REALLY necessary right here. to me!
|
12:14 |
: These workforce pages have the eightieth/twentieth percentiles!
|
12:14 |
: On the brand new Fangraphs projections…What do u make of the Braves at 26.5% successful the WS, whereas the Dodgers are solely at 15.5%? Thought that is likely to be nearer.
|
12:14 |
: Since I don’t DO these numbers myself, my perception is kinda restricted
|
12:15 |
: However the 10 proportion level bump in division successful likelihood helps that
|
12:15 |
: Becasue it’s a bfd to get that bye
|
12:15 |
: Which OF’er do u like extra as a last-round decide in a Greatest Ball Factors league? Okay Carpenter or J Kelenic?
|
12:15 |
: Kelenic
|
12:15 |
: Grateful Useless 12.14.80 Lengthy Seashore CA going effectively with this chat. Berta don’t you come round right here…anymore…
|
12:15 |
: How do my cat buddies do?
|
12:17 |
: Justinian’s on my workplace windowsill watching a white squirrel. Final I noticed, Mercutio was asleep in the lounge, Cassiopeia asleep on the sofa within the again TV room upstairs, and Constantine was hanging out on the kitchen counter staking out when he will get meals
|
12:17 |
: so with all of the sturm und drang over the Tigers selecting Jobe over Mayer it looks like Jobe has became a fairly good prospect.
|
12:17 |
: Typically talking, it’s laborious to do TOO badly once you decide due to the uncertainty
|
12:17 |
: except you do just like the Pirates did with Moskos or one thing
|
12:17 |
: How a lot does the projection correction on Gregory Santos have an effect on your opinion on the commerce that despatched him to Seattle?
|
12:17 |
: None. He’s nonetheless rattling good
|
12:18 |
: I didn’t even notice he was main the league in fWAR within the projections since ZiPS is just partially FIP-based in its warfare
|
12:18 |
: Spencer Steer greater than only a man this 12 months?
|
12:19 |
: I imply, he’s stable, however he’s probably not a star and has a comparatively low ceiling
|
12:19 |
: i used to go to Subway for sandwiches. However they now use a hinge minimize the place there’s one piece of bread and the meat slapped inside. I’m afraid this mirrors a scorching canine bun in most respects and all clever life on earth is aware of a scorching canine is NOT a sandwich. Wouldn’t a Subway sandwich with a hinge minimize be equally NOT a sandwich? I’d love a meatball sub, however I can’t eat that if it’s not a sandwich and also you’re the knowledgeable on that subject. What’s your place?
|
12:20 |
: Yeah, it’s not a sandwich. BUt you may nonetheless take pleasure in a meatball non-sandwich
|
12:20 |
: Are you taking the over or below in your creation’s projected win-loss report for the Mariners (85-77)?
|
12:20 |
: Over as a result of it’s not fairly .540
|
12:20 |
: Which MLB participant do you assume may take me in a road battle?
|
12:20 |
: and please inform me that Colton Cowser will head up a bundle that will get him to Chicago for Stop.
|
12:20 |
: None
|
12:20 |
: And I don’t assume the White Sox are sensible
|
12:20 |
: Lots of people assume Elias goes to piecemeal a BP collectively over the season. Okay with that? Or do you assume we must be aggressive and attempt to add via FA, or a commerce.
|
12:20 |
: It’s tough to do this DURING the season
|
12:21 |
: The Rays often have their “dudes they discovered on a park bench that find yourself with a 3.50 ERA” guys a minimum of within the group by now
|
12:21 |
: I get when non statistically inclined folks get mad at ZiPS output. However that O’s fan yesterday who was screaming variable points for not predicting ninetieth percentile outcomes as a baseline the final two years was uh, one thing
|
12:21 |
: Somebody with an economics background should be much less dumb.
|
12:22 |
: Mariners playoff odds don’t appear to line up with what ZiPS is saying right here, with the Rangers doing considerably higher. Is it as a result of ZiPS weighs the final season extra closely than Steamer?
|
12:22 |
: Once more, that type of factor is actually laborious to grok
|
12:22 |
: I THINK I can seize depth higher than our FG generalized mannequin
|
12:22 |
: Which I ought to, as a result of mine is a nightmare to arrange that takes eternally
|
12:22 |
: and the FG methodology is made in order that it may possibly run any time Jason makes any change on the depth charts
|
12:26 |
: I’m curious how ZiPS handles predictions for gamers like DeGrom and Scherzer, the place there’s each a variety of potential outcomes for IP this 12 months and presumably a variety of potential efficiency stage, and (I believe) comparatively little historic precedent.
|
12:26 |
: I imply, there’s plenty of knowledge in there about injured pitchers
|
12:26 |
: However ZiPS will largely verify that it’s horribly unsure
|
12:26 |
: How do you assume Lux will do at SS for the Dodgers this season? Relatedly, is he LA’s starter there within the postseason?
|
12:27 |
: I believe he’ll be ample, however probably not one of many standouts. I imply you all the time should mood expectations after an harm 12 months, and I like Lux. However I don’t assume there are nice candidates on the market to interchange him
|
12:27 |
: Like would the Padres really do a late season Kim commerce to Dodgers? Undecided about that
|
12:27 |
: Taylor Swift broadcasts The Eras film streaming on Disney and refill over 12% immediately. Sorry, proper wing nut jobs.
|
12:27 |
: Perhaps I’m simply an previous, however I don’t get why folks care a lot about Swift both manner
|
12:28 |
: She’s a pop singer and has some well-liked albums. OK. So? And?
|
12:29 |
: I additionally don’t care who’s relationship who.
|
12:29 |
: I simply don’t care about issues which are both a) not my drawback or b) not my enterprise
|
12:30 |
: Will you watch the Netflix doc concerning the 2024 Purple Sox?
|
12:30 |
: Perhaps, if folks report it being attention-grabbing
|
12:30 |
: I watch sufficient baseball and speak sufficient baseball and baseball information that if it’s probably not one thing novel, I don’t want so as to add it
|
12:30 |
: What’s the that means of life?
|
12:31 |
: Having fun with a really temporary existence in a largely chilly, darkish universe through which that’s a rarity
|
12:31 |
: Any manner W Franco or T Bauer performs within the MLB this 12 months?
|
12:31 |
: Franco may if there was some sudden growth within the case that was favorable to him, however I don’t know what that will be
|
12:31 |
: As for Bauer, I believe groups are extraordinarily hesitant to get into that stuff
|
12:32 |
: Particularly since Bauer isn’t a man who’s keen to be quiet and under the radar
|
12:32 |
: If Taylor Swift has swifties can I be a Szymbie?
|
12:32 |
: I’m probably not large on fan tradition, truthfully
|
12:32 |
: That’s only a private factor
|
12:33 |
: Typically talking, I base my life on issues that amuse me, and reward doesn’t actually amuse me.
|
12:33 |
: re: Swift – it’s a company cash scheme. Folks can pay a number of cash for Swift associated something.
|
12:33 |
: I’m all for company cash schemes.
|
12:34 |
: As a few of you might keep in mind, to your chagrin, I’m a hardcore free market-er
|
12:34 |
: If she needs ot make a billion {dollars} promoting cash along with her head on it, good for her
|
12:34 |
: I simply don’t significantly *care* about it by hook or by crook
|
12:34 |
: Not my circus, not my clowns
|
12:34 |
: Which considered one of Cortes, Rodon, Stanton, or Rizzo do you assume are more than likely to return to kind
|
12:34 |
: Cortes
|
12:34 |
: Can the ZIPS machine compute whether or not the angels will ever make me joyful once more anytime this decade
|
12:35 |
: AGAIN? Have they made you cheerful just lately? I’m suspicious of the veracity of that assertion
|
12:35 |
: Will austin riley win an mvp
|
12:35 |
: He COULD, however he’ll most likely enter most seasons in his prime being just like the tenth more than likely
|
12:35 |
: Who can be the funniest baseball participant for the Pentagon to make use of for psyops and why?
|
12:36 |
: Zack Greinke
|
12:36 |
: as a result of he’d have all of the fucks to not give and break the op immediately
|
12:36 |
: In mild of his extension, how probably is he to have one other mvp caliber season? Did his 90 recreation season of dominance damage his probabilities at 3000 due to the decrease variety of hits he had or assist his probabilities as a result of he demonstrated continued excessive stage play?
|
12:36 |
: The missed time is definitely extra regarding than the nice season is useful
|
12:36 |
: He could have one other one in him, but it surely should be fast
|
12:36 |
: the historical past of center infielder getting older isn’t good
|
12:36 |
: What would your WAR-metric equal be when you have been to make a ZIPS mannequin for human pathogens?
|
12:37 |
: DAM: Deaths Above Misadventure
|
12:37 |
: I believe it’d be stunning at this level if Fried stays with the Braves all issues thought-about – appears like a close to lock for one of many California groups
|
12:37 |
: It’s fairly clear that chili is your least favourite pasta dish. What’s your most favourite pasta dish? And which major-leaguer would you evaluate that pasta dish to, and why?
|
12:37 |
: CHILI IS NOT A PASTA DISH
|
12:37 |
: Rowdy Tellez looks like a heaping pile of pasta
|
12:37 |
: I have a tendency to love ol’ bolognese
|
12:38 |
: That is simply one of the vital quotable fig chats in latest reminiscence.
|
12:38 |
: I HAVENT ANSWERED ANY QUESTIONS ABOUT FIGS
|
12:38 |
: QUICK, GIVE ME QUESTIONS ABOUT FIGS AND I WILL ANSWER THEM ALL
|
12:39 |
: Fig Newtons or Issac Newton?
|
12:39 |
: Figs netwons as you may eat them
|
12:39 |
: What number of turkeys may a turkey fig turkey if a turkey fig may turkey figs?
|
12:40 |
: A pound of figs per pound of turkey per 12 months
|
12:40 |
: What number of forms of figs are there?
|
12:40 |
: Two: eaten and non-eaten
|
12:40 |
: what are generic fig newtons known as
|
12:40 |
: Most grocery shops I’ve seen simply name them fig bars
|
12:41 |
: Me, I’d go larger idea for my generic fig newtons
|
12:41 |
: possibly name them Fig Euclids or Fig Leibnizes
|
12:41 |
: Figonaccis!
|
12:42 |
: THE FIGONACCI NUMBER IS 140 CALORIES PER SERVING
|
12:42 |
: figs vs dates who would win
|
12:42 |
: I personally desire figs
|
12:42 |
: Figs or dates?
|
12:42 |
: When my spouse was pregnant she needed to eat a ton of figs and dates. She hates them now
|
12:42 |
: I’ve eaten plenty of figs and by no means grew to become pregnant!
|
12:43 |
: Fg* sorry. However on that observe, do you want figs? And do you like them dried or contemporary?
|
12:43 |
: I are inclined to desire dried
|
12:43 |
: Isn’t actually pudding, is it?
|
12:43 |
: Nothing the English say is a meals one thing really is
|
12:44 |
: Is there a manner for ZiPS to venture what % of the time the yankees’ first 5 starters mix for 139 begins, as ZiPS DC has them proper now? I do know that’s an harm projection and possibly extremely variable however that appears so excessive for a median projection
|
12:44 |
: Within the season sims, I really venture much less
|
12:44 |
: Typically talking, I’m extra pessimistic about pitcher well being than our depth charts
|
12:44 |
: If you happen to have been to construct a ZIPS program for fruit, what would the WAR-metric equal be and what number of models would figs get?
|
12:44 |
: Deliciousness Shares
|
12:44 |
: Will the White Sox remorse turning down the Burnes+ bundle from the O’s?
|
12:45 |
: Sure
|
12:45 |
: Was the Burnes transfer a begin or a cease to this O’s low season?
|
12:45 |
: In all probability a cease as there’s not a lot offseason left
|
12:45 |
Simply as with late final common season, each projection fashions and specialists agree that the Braves and Dodgers seem like heavy favorites within the NL. But, neither made it to the NLCS. These are odds, in fact, and there’s plenty of room for variance, particularly within the present postseason baseball. |
12:45 |
: Relies upon what you imply good job
|
12:45 |
: Clearly, the “common” projections are worse. However the chances work since projections rely for the uncertainty
|
12:45 |
: and a couple of: positively no!
|
12:45 |
: Overlook figs. As an SF fan, I’d wish to know the way you’re feeling about fog
|
12:45 |
: Fog’s often burned off by the point I get up
|
12:46 |
: I simply noticed Brent Honeywell signed with the pirates, on an really baseball associated observe. What’s your opinion of the final remaining main league screw baller?
|
12:46 |
: I’m unconvinced Devin Williams doesn’t throw a screwball
|
12:46 |
: however I’m all for screwballs
|
12:46 |
: Devin Williams principally throws a screwball
|
12:46 |
: BEAT YOU TO IT BY LIKE SEVEN SECONDS
|
12:46 |
: Do you assume ZiPS can be higher at projecting baseball if there have been 1000 video games per season?
|
12:47 |
: I suppose, however you may’t even have the fellows play 1000 video games, it will be break up squad
|
12:47 |
: so virtually talking, there’s probalby a peak of 300 video games or so?
|
12:47 |
: Thank You in your time! I’ve a query concerning the historical past of MI’s getting older poorly. Is that this a ability factor? As in they have a tendency to build up worth based mostly on pace, quickness, and make contact with expertise and people wane? If that’s the case, may Altuve lengthen his window of worth by persevering with to give attention to energy hitting and maybe shifting to DH extra typically? He may accrue much less worth however stay extra offensively efficient that manner
|
12:47 |
: Why is hard, the what is difficult sufficient!
|
12:48 |
: Have you ever ever had Black Pudding Dan
|
12:48 |
: I’ve really
|
12:48 |
: its was weirdly gritty
|
12:48 |
: like they put a bit of sand in it for filler
|
12:49 |
: and it felt like I used to be chewing it eternally but it surely wasn’t doing anythign
|
12:49 |
: Are there any FO’s that basically solely use predictive stats and ignore on discipline outcomes?
|
12:49 |
: Not that I’m conscious of
|
12:49 |
: however I can solely make educated guesses. I speak with most entrance workplaces to some extent, however they’re often cautious about WHAT they are saying
|
12:49 |
: Are you as optimistic about Vladdy because the projections?
|
12:49 |
: I believe so. He’s nonetheless a fairly younger participant
|
12:50 |
: I imply he doesn’t flip 25 till subsequent month
|
12:50 |
: He’s not a 30 12 months previous who’s up and down
|
12:50 |
: Am I a baseball relic price displaying within the Corridor of Fame? Sox followers had a principle that my elimination was integral to their breaking the curse!
|
12:50 |
: I don’t assume so as a result of pianos take up an enormous quantity of area
|
12:50 |
: Dan, so excited for prospect week this 12 months! Are you able to do extra ZiPS prospecting content material? Maybe some SSS projections for extra of the 2023 draftees? Go 200 deep (or a minimum of go deeper down the listing for pitchers)? It’s genuinely top-of-the-line articles yearly on the location and I neeeeeed extra! TY TY
|
12:50 |
: I may, however I attempt to maintain the ZIPS ONLY content material to some choose issues
|
12:51 |
: as a result of projections may be type of dry and I hate falling into the entice of writing ABOUT the projections relatively than USING the projections
|
12:51 |
: Simply hold the piano on the ceiling.
|
12:51 |
: I’ve seen sufficient cartoons and Nineteen Thirties motion pictures to know that’s a nasty thought
|
12:51 |
: How is Gary Sheffield not within the HOF?
|
12:51 |
: By not getting the 75% of votes required!
|
12:51 |
: I believe the vets will get him in
|
12:52 |
: Who was the final man that confirmed up in your projections who made you assume ‘woah, that man remains to be taking part in?’
|
12:54 |
: Joe Beimel 2022
|
12:55 |
: I believe the final couple years of Joe SMith too
|
12:55 |
: I had kinda missed the Joe Beimel comeback story in 2022
|
12:56 |
: Effectively, 2021 tehcnically
|
12:56 |
: I simply throw within the each minor league pitcher who acquired a minimum of 10 IP at AA within the preliminary batch
|
12:57 |
: so after I noticed a forty five year-old Joe Beimel getting a projection for 2022, it was an actual WTF second
|
12:57 |
: meat-forward bolognese, like genuine ragu alla bolognese? or tomato sauce with meat?
|
12:57 |
: the previous
|
12:57 |
: Who’re some gamers you assume can have a “breakout” 12 months this upcoming season?
|
12:58 |
: Hey, not giving out considered one of my commonplace preseason tropes! lol
|
12:58 |
: Good afternoon, Dan. This has most likely been requested beforehand, so apologies, however I couldn’t discover the reply. Is there a purpose the numbers of projected gamers doesn’t match when the projections are run via the public sale calculator?
|
12:58 |
: I don’t really know since I dont’ deal with that in any respect
|
12:58 |
: Boy I shouldn’t have proven up late immediately, it appears like I missed so figging a lot…
|
12:58 |
: why do folks care a lot about folks in pajamas throwing a ball to somebody who tries to hit it with a bit of wooden?
|
12:58 |
: Hitting issues is enjoyable!
|
12:59 |
: re: no consuming days. Definitely you drink one thing. Is it simply water or would you, say, permit for espresso? I’ve a major sufficient dependancy that I develop a headache round midday if I’ve not a had a cup. But additionally I’d assume the caffeine to be a pleasant assist in avoiding starvation
|
12:59 |
: I’ve this 64 ounce water jug that I drink each day
|
12:59 |
: Effectively, the water IN the jug
|
12:59 |
: I don’t convert the water dug right into a molten liquid after which drink it
|
12:59 |
: How a lot computing energy does it take to crunch a season’s price of ZiPS projections?
|
1:00 |
: If I exploit each my essential PC (Ryzen 5900X) and my secondary PC (i7-8700K) and break up up the workload, I can have a ZiPS batch run executed in about 30 hours
|
1:00 |
: Greatest time of the season to go go to a ballpark?
|
1:00 |
: Early and late. I hate scorching, humid climate
|
1:01 |
: Even when I sit in a pleasant cool press field, I hate being within the scorching humid in any respect
|
1:01 |
: I frigging HATE summer season climate
|
1:01 |
: If you happen to needed to remove one place on the diamond, what wouldn’t it be?
|
1:01 |
: Catcher as a result of it woudl be amusing to see how baseball discovered cease the ball and get it again to the pitcher
|
1:01 |
: You might need to place a type of bouncy internet issues behind house plate
|
1:02 |
: and it will be humorous to see a batter swing and miss at a 98 mph fastball after which fastball bounces off and shoots out in the direction of the pitcher
|
1:02 |
: do you will have a robust opinion by hook or by crook on python vs R?
|
1:02 |
: Probably not
|
1:02 |
: I’m not a programming man
|
1:03 |
: I’m sufficiently old that R wasn’t enormous but after I was in school (I’m 46 in June) and I took C++ to get that credit score
|
1:04 |
: I do know visible primary sorta
|
1:04 |
: and in school we used statistica and matlab largely
|
1:04 |
: And I like GUIs
|
1:04 |
: On that observe, when you guys give a fig about me getting the NL projections up tomorrow, I gotta head out
|
1:04 |
: thanks for coming everybody!
|
Dan Szymborski is a senior author for FanGraphs and the developer of the ZiPS projection system. He was a author for ESPN.com from 2010-2018, a daily visitor on plenty of radio reveals and podcasts, and a voting BBWAA member. He additionally maintains a horrible Twitter account at @DSzymborski.